1) "Vickers" -- As to vickers hardness

Vickers was a famous name in British engineering that existed through many companies from 1828 until 2004.

1 History

1.1 Early history

1.2 Merger with Armstrong Whitworth

1.3 Nationalisation

1.4 Vickers plc

1.5 Current Status of Vickers

2 See also

3 References

4 External links

Vickers was formed in Sheffield as a steel foundry by the miller Edward Vickers and his father-in-law George Naylor in 1828. Naylor was a partner in the foundry Naylor & Sanderson and Vickers' brother William owned a steel rolling operation. Edward's investments in the railway industry allowed him to gain control of the company, based at Millsands and known as Naylor Vickers and Company. It began life making steel castings and quickly became famous for casting church bells. In 1854 Vickers' sons Thomas and Albert joined the business. In 1863 the company moved to a new site in Sheffield on the River Don in Brightside. The company went public in 1867 as Vickers, Sons & Company and gradually acquired more businesses, branching out into various sectors. In 1868 Vickers began to manufacture marine shafts, in 1872 they began casting marine propellers and in 1882 they set up a forging press. Vickers produced their first armour plate in 1888 and their first artillery piece in 1890.

Vickers bought out the Barrow in Furness shipbuilder The Barrow Shipbuilding Company in 1897, acquiring its subsidiary the Maxim Nordenfelt Guns And Ammunitions Company [1] at the same time, to become Vickers, Sons & Maxim. The yard at Barrow became the "Naval Construction Yard". With these acquisitions, Vickers could now produce a complete selection of products, from ships and marine fittings to armour plate and a whole suite of ordnance. In 1901 the Royal Navy's first submarine, Holland 1<..."

2) "Hardness" -- As to vickers hardness
hard·ness
Pronunciation: -n&s
Function: noun
1 : the quality or state of being hard
2 a : the cohesion of the particles on the surface of a mineral as determined by its capacity to scratch another or be itself scratched -- compare MOHS' scale b : resistance of metal to indentation under a static load or to scratching
Pronunciation Symbols

For the mathematical concept of the difficulty of proving a conjecture, solving an equation, etc., see computational complexity theory. For water hardness, see hard water.

In materials science, hardness is the characteristic of a solid material expressing its resistance to permanent deformation. Hardness can be measured on the Mohs scale or various other scales.

There are three principal operational definitions of hardness:

Scratch hardness

Indentation hardness

Rebound, dynamic or absolute hardness

1 Scratch hardness

2 Indentation hardness

3 Rebound hardness

4 References

5 See also

6 External links

In mineralogy, hardness commonly refers to a material's ability to penetrate softer materials. An object made of a hard material will scratch an object made of a softer material. Scratch hardness is usually measured on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness. Pure diamond is the hardest known natural mineral substance and will scratch any other material. Diamond is therefore used to cut other diamonds; in particular, higher-grade diamonds are used to cut lower-grade diamonds.

The hardest substance known today is aggregated diamond nanorods, with a hardness 1.11 times diamond.

Estimates from proposed molecular structure indicate the hardness of beta carbon nitride should also be greater than diamond (but less than ultrahard fullerite). This material has not yet been successfully synthesized.

In the December 4, 2005 issue of The Jerusalem Post, Professors Eli Altus, Harold Basch and Shmaryahu Hoz, with doctoral student Lior Itzhaki report the discovery of a polyyne that is 40 times harder than diamond. It is a "superhard" molecular rod, comprised of acetylene units. However, hardness to yield has to do with the microdurability or small-scale shear modulus in any direction, and not to any rigi..."

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